WikiEdge:ArXiv速遞/2025-03-04

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摘要

  • 原文標題：The subpath number of cactus graphs
  • 中文標題：仙人掌圖的子路徑數
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 14:55:49+00:00
  • 作者：Martin Knor, Jelena Sedlar, Riste Škrekovski, Yu Yang
  • 分類：math.CO, 05C30, 05C38
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02683v1

原文摘要：The subpath number of a graph G is defined as the total number of subpaths in G, and it is closely related to the number of subtrees, a well-studied topic in graph theory. This paper is a continuation of our previous paper [5], where we investigated the subpath number and identified extremal graphs within the classes of trees, unicyclic graphs, bipartite graphs, and cycle chains. Here, we focus on the subpath number of cactus graphs and characterize all maximal and minimal cacti with n vertices and k cycles. We prove that maximal cacti are cycle chains in which all interior cycles are triangles, while the two end-cycles differ in length by at most one. In contrast, minimal cacti consist of k triangles, all sharing a common vertex, with the remaining vertices forming a tree attached to this joint vertex. By comparing extremal cacti with respect to the subpath number to those that are extremal for the subtree number and the Wiener index, we demonstrate that the subpath number does not correlate with either of these quantities, as their corresponding extremal graphs differ. 中文摘要：圖的子路徑數定義為圖中所有子路徑的總數，它與子樹數密切相關，後者是圖論中一個被廣泛研究的主題。本文是我們之前論文[5]的延續，在那篇論文中我們研究了子路徑數，並在樹、單環圖、二分圖和環鏈等圖類中識別了極值圖。本文中，我們專注於仙人掌圖的子路徑數，並刻畫了所有具有n個頂點和k個環的極大和極小仙人掌圖。我們證明了極大仙人掌圖是環鏈，其中所有內部環都是三角形，而兩個端環的長度最多相差一。相反，極小仙人掌圖由k個三角形組成，這些三角形共享一個公共頂點，其餘頂點形成一個附著於該公共頂點的樹。通過比較子路徑數的極值仙人掌圖與子樹數和維納指數的極值圖，我們證明了子路徑數與這兩個量不相關，因為它們的極值圖不同。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Enhancing the charging performance of an atomic quantum battery
  • 中文標題：提升原子量子電池的充電性能
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 15:46:20+00:00
  • 作者：Ming-Liang Hu, Ting Gao, Heng Fan
  • 分類：quant-ph
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02727v1

原文摘要：We study a quantum battery (QB) model composed of two atoms, where the charger and battery elements are coupled to a multimode vacuum field that serves as a mediator for energy transfer. Different figures of merit such as ergotropy, charging time, and charging efficiency are analyzed, putting emphasis on the role of various control parameters on the charging performance. It is found that there is a range of angle between the transition dipole moments and interatomic axis in which the QB can be charged. The optimal charging performance is achieved if the atomic dipole moments are perpendicular or parallel to the interatomic axis. The charging performance also improves with the decrease of the interatomic distance. Besides, the charged ergotropy can be enhanced by increasing the initial ergotropy of the charger and it is beneficial to charge the QB starting from a passive state. 中文摘要：我們研究了一個由兩個原子組成的量子電池（QB）模型，其中充電器和電池元件耦合到一個多模真空場，該場作為能量轉移的媒介。我們分析了諸如功容量、充電時間和充電效率等不同的性能指標，重點研究了各種控制參數對充電性能的影響。研究發現，在過渡偶極矩和原子間軸之間存在一定角度範圍內，量子電池可以被充電。如果原子偶極矩垂直於或平行於原子間軸，則可以實現最佳充電性能。充電性能還隨著原子間距離的減小而提高。此外，通過增加充電器的初始功容量可以增強充電後的功容量，並且從被動狀態開始充電對量子電池是有益的。

摘要

  • 原文標題：First Measurement of the Decay Dynamics in the Semileptonic Transition of the $D^{+(0)}$ into the Axial-vector Meson $\bar K_1(1270)$
  • 中文標題：$D^{+(0)}$ 到軸矢量介子 $\bar K_1(1270)$ 的半輕衰變中衰變動力學的首次測量
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 02:09:02+00:00
  • 作者：BESIII Collaboration, M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, Y. Ban, H. -R. Bao, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, G. Chelkov, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. L. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. J. Chen, Z. K. Chen, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. J. Cui, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, C. Q. Deng, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denysenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, B. Ding, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, S. X. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, J. Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, R. Farinelli, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, X. B. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yang Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, E. M. Gersabeck, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, S. Gramigna, M. Greco, M. H. Gu, Y. T. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, Y. P. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, K. L. Han, T. T. Han, F. Hanisch, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, T. Holtmann, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. Hu, Y. Hu, Z. M. Hu, G. S. Huang, K. X. Huang, L. Q. Huang, P. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, Y. S. Huang, T. Hussain, N. Hüsken, N. in der Wiesche, J. Jackson, S. Janchiv, Q. Ji, Q. P. Ji, W. Ji, X. B. Ji, X. L. Ji, Y. Y. Ji, Z. K. Jia, D. Jiang, H. B. Jiang, P. C. Jiang, S. J. Jiang, T. J. Jiang, X. S. Jiang, Y. Jiang, J. B. Jiao, J. K. Jiao, Z. Jiao, S. Jin, Y. Jin, M. Q. Jing, X. M. Jing, T. Johansson, S. Kabana, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, X. L. Kang, X. S. Kang, M. Kavatsyuk, B. C. Ke, V. Khachatryan, A. Khoukaz, R. Kiuchi, O. B. Kolcu, B. Kopf, M. Kuessner, X. Kui, N. Kumar, A. Kupsc, W. Kühn, Q. Lan, W. N. Lan, T. T. Lei, M. Lellmann, T. Lenz, C. Li, C. Li, C. H. Li, C. K. Li, Cheng Li, D. M. Li, F. Li, G. Li, H. B. Li, H. J. Li, H. N. Li, Hui Li, J. R. Li, J. S. Li, K. Li, K. L. Li, K. L. Li, L. J. Li, Lei Li, M. H. Li, M. R. Li, P. L. Li, P. R. Li, Q. M. Li, Q. X. Li, R. Li, T. Li, T. Y. Li, W. D. Li, W. G. Li, X. Li, X. H. Li, X. L. Li, X. Y. Li, X. Z. Li, Y. Li, Y. G. Li, Y. P. Li, Z. J. Li, Z. Y. Li, C. Liang, H. Liang, Y. F. Liang, Y. T. Liang, G. R. Liao, L. B. Liao, M. H. Liao, Y. P. Liao, J. Libby, A. Limphirat, C. C. Lin, C. X. Lin, D. X. Lin, L. Q. Lin, T. Lin, B. J. Liu, B. X. Liu, C. Liu, C. X. Liu, F. Liu, F. H. Liu, Feng Liu, G. M. Liu, H. Liu, H. B. Liu, H. H. Liu, H. M. Liu, Huihui Liu, J. B. Liu, J. J. Liu, K. Liu, K. Liu, K. Y. Liu, Ke Liu, L. Liu, L. C. Liu, Lu Liu, P. L. Liu, Q. Liu, S. B. Liu, T. Liu, W. K. Liu, W. M. Liu, W. T. Liu, X. Liu, X. Liu, X. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. B. Liu, Z. A. Liu, Z. D. Liu, Z. Q. Liu, X. C. Lou, F. X. Lu, H. J. Lu, J. G. Lu, Y. Lu, Y. H. Lu, Y. P. Lu, Z. H. Lu, C. L. Luo, J. R. Luo, J. S. Luo, M. X. Luo, T. Luo, X. L. Luo, Z. Y. Lv, X. R. Lyu, Y. F. Lyu, Y. H. Lyu, F. C. Ma, H. Ma, H. L. Ma, J. L. Ma, L. L. Ma, L. R. Ma, Q. M. Ma, R. Q. Ma, R. Y. Ma, T. Ma, X. T. Ma, X. Y. Ma, Y. M. Ma, F. E. Maas, I. MacKay, M. Maggiora, S. Malde, Y. J. Mao, Z. P. Mao, S. Marcello, F. M. Melendi, Y. H. Meng, Z. X. Meng, J. G. Messchendorp, G. Mezzadri, H. Miao, T. J. Min, R. E. Mitchell, X. H. Mo, B. Moses, N. Yu. Muchnoi, J. Muskalla, Y. Nefedov, F. Nerling, L. S. Nie, I. B. Nikolaev, Z. Ning, S. Nisar, Q. L. Niu, W. D. Niu, S. L. Olsen, Q. Ouyang, S. Pacetti, X. Pan, Y. Pan, A. Pathak, Y. P. Pei, M. Pelizaeus, H. P. Peng, Y. Y. Peng, K. Peters, J. L. Ping, R. G. Ping, S. Plura, V. Prasad, F. Z. Qi, H. R. Qi, M. Qi, S. Qian, W. B. Qian, C. F. Qiao, J. H. Qiao, J. J. Qin, J. L. Qin, L. Q. Qin, L. Y. Qin, P. B. Qin, X. P. Qin, X. S. Qin, Z. H. Qin, J. F. Qiu, Z. H. Qu, C. F. Redmer, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, G. Rong, S. S. Rong, F. Rosini, Ch. Rosner, M. Q. Ruan, N. Salone, A. Sarantsev, Y. Schelhaas, K. Schoenning, M. Scodeggio, K. Y. Shan, W. Shan, X. Y. Shan, Z. J. Shang, J. F. Shangguan, L. G. Shao, M. Shao, C. P. Shen, H. F. Shen, W. H. Shen, X. Y. Shen, B. A. Shi, H. Shi, J. L. Shi, J. Y. Shi, S. Y. Shi, X. Shi, H. L. Song, J. J. Song, T. Z. Song, W. M. Song, Y. X. Song, S. Sosio, S. Spataro, F. Stieler, S. S Su, Y. J. Su, G. B. Sun, G. X. Sun, H. Sun, H. K. Sun, J. F. Sun, K. Sun, L. Sun, S. S. Sun, T. Sun, Y. C. Sun, Y. H. Sun, Y. J. Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Z. Q. Sun, Z. T. Sun, C. J. Tang, G. Y. Tang, J. Tang, L. F. Tang, M. Tang, Y. A. Tang, L. Y. Tao, M. Tat, J. X. Teng, J. Y. Tian, W. H. Tian, Y. Tian, Z. F. Tian, I. Uman, B. Wang, B. Wang, Bo Wang, C. Wang, Cong Wang, D. Y. Wang, H. J. Wang, J. J. Wang, K. Wang, L. L. Wang, L. W. Wang, M. Wang, M. Wang, N. Y. Wang, S. Wang, T. Wang, T. J. Wang, W. Wang, W. Wang, W. P. Wang, X. Wang, X. F. Wang, X. J. Wang, X. L. Wang, X. N. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. D. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. H. Wang, Y. L. Wang, Y. N. Wang, Y. Q. Wang, Yaqian Wang, Yi Wang, Yuan Wang, Z. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. L. Wang, Z. Q. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, D. H. Wei, H. R. Wei, F. Weidner, S. P. Wen, Y. R. Wen, U. Wiedner, G. Wilkinson, M. Wolke, C. Wu, J. F. Wu, L. H. Wu, L. J. Wu, Lianjie Wu, S. G. Wu, S. M. Wu, X. Wu, X. H. Wu, Y. J. Wu, Z. Wu, L. Xia, X. M. Xian, B. H. Xiang, T. Xiang, D. Xiao, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, Y. L. Xiao, Z. J. Xiao, C. Xie, K. J. Xie, X. H. Xie, Y. Xie, Y. G. Xie, Y. H. Xie, Z. P. Xie, T. Y. Xing, C. F. Xu, C. J. Xu, G. F. Xu, H. Y. Xu, H. Y. Xu, M. Xu, Q. J. Xu, Q. N. Xu, T. D. Xu, W. L. Xu, X. P. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. C. Xu, Z. S. Xu, H. Y. Yan, L. Yan, W. B. Yan, W. C. Yan, W. P. Yan, X. Q. Yan, H. J. Yang, H. L. Yang, H. X. Yang, J. H. Yang, R. J. Yang, T. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. F. Yang, Y. H. Yang, Y. Q. Yang, Y. X. Yang, Y. Z. Yang, M. Ye, M. H. Ye, Z. J. Ye, Junhao Yin, Z. Y. You, B. X. Yu, C. X. Yu, G. Yu, J. S. Yu, M. C. Yu, T. Yu, X. D. Yu, Y. C. Yu, C. Z. Yuan, H. Yuan, J. Yuan, J. Yuan, L. Yuan, S. C. Yuan, Y. Yuan, Z. Y. Yuan, C. X. Yue, Ying Yue, A. A. Zafar, S. H. Zeng, X. Zeng, Y. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, Y. J. Zeng, X. Y. Zhai, Y. H. Zhan, A. Q. Zhang, B. L. Zhang, B. X. Zhang, D. H. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, G. Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. C. Zhang, H. H. Zhang, H. Q. Zhang, H. R. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, J. Q. Zhang, J. S. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, J. X. Zhang, J. Y. Zhang, J. Z. Zhang, Jianyu Zhang, L. M. Zhang, Lei Zhang, N. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, Shulei Zhang, X. M. Zhang, X. Y Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Y. M. Zhang, Z. D. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. L. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, Z. Z. Zhang, Zh. Zh. Zhang, G. Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, J. Z. Zhao, L. Zhao, Lei Zhao, M. G. Zhao, N. Zhao, R. P. Zhao, S. J. Zhao, Y. B. Zhao, Y. L. Zhao, Y. X. Zhao, Z. G. Zhao, A. Zhemchugov, B. Zheng, B. M. Zheng, J. P. Zheng, W. J. Zheng, X. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, B. Zhong, X. Zhong, H. Zhou, J. Q. Zhou, J. Y. Zhou, S. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. K. Zhou, X. R. Zhou, X. Y. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhou, Z. C. Zhou, A. N. Zhu, J. Zhu, K. Zhu, K. J. Zhu, K. S. Zhu, L. Zhu, L. X. Zhu, S. H. Zhu, T. J. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. D. Zhu, W. J. Zhu, W. Z. Zhu, Y. C. Zhu, Z. A. Zhu, X. Y. Zhuang, J. H. Zou, J. Zu
  • 分類：hep-ex
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02196v1

原文摘要：Using $e^+e^-$ collision data taken at the center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb$^{-1}$, we report the first amplitude and angular analyses of the semileptonic decays $D^{+(0)}\to K^-\pi^+\pi^{0(-)} e^+\nu_e$. From the amplitude analysis, we determine for the first time the hadronic form factors of the semileptonic $D$ decays into the axial-vector meson $\bar{K}_1(1270)$ to be $r_A=(-11.2\pm1.0\pm0.9)\times10^{-2}$ and $r_V = (-4.3\pm 1.0\pm2.4)\times 10^{-2}$. The angular analysis yields an up-down asymmetry $\mathcal{A}^\prime_{ud} = 0.01\pm0.11$, which is consistent with the Standard Model prediction. 中文摘要：使用BESIII探測器在3.773 GeV質心能量下採集的$e^+e^-$對撞數據，對應積分亮度為20.3 fb$^{-1}$，我們首次報告了半輕子衰變$D^{+(0)}\to K^-\pi^+\pi^{0(-)} e^+\nu_e$的振幅和角分布分析。通過振幅分析，我們首次確定了半輕子$D$衰變到軸矢量介子$\bar{K}_1(1270)$的強子形狀因子為$r_A=(-11.2\pm1.0\pm0.9)\times10^{-2}$和$r_V = (-4.3\pm 1.0\pm2.4)\times 10^{-2}$。角分布分析得到的上下不對稱性$\mathcal{A}^\prime_{ud} = 0.01\pm0.11$，與標準模型的預測一致。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Super-Linear Growth and Rising Inequality in Online Social Communities: Insights from Reddit
  • 中文標題：在線社交社區中的超線性增長與不平等加劇：來自Reddit的洞察
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 14:22:45+00:00
  • 作者：Guilherme Machado, Diogo Pacheco, Ronaldo Menezes, Gareth Baxter
  • 分類：physics.soc-ph
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02661v1

原文摘要：We study the effect of the number of users on the activity of communities within the online content sharing and discussion platform Reddit, called subreddits. We found that comment activity on Reddit has a heavy-tailed distribution, where a large fraction of the comments are made by a small set of users. Furthermore, as subreddits grow in size, this behavior becomes stronger, with activity (measured by the comments made in a subreddit) becoming even more centralised in a (relatively) smaller core of users. We verify that these changes are not explained by finite size nor by sampling effects. Instead, we observe a systematic change of the distribution with subreddit size. To quantify the centralisation and inequality of activity in a subreddit, we used the Gini coefficient. We found that as subreddits grow in users, so does the Gini coefficient, seemingly as a natural effect of the scaling. We found that the excess number of comments (the total number of comments minus the total number of users) follows a power law with exponent 1.27. For each subreddit we considered a snapshot of one month of data, as a compromise between statistical relevance and change in the system's dynamics. We show results over the whole year 2021 (with each subreddit having twelve snapshots, at most), nevertheless all results were consistent when using a single month or different years. 中文摘要：我們研究了用戶數量對在線內容分享和討論平台Reddit（稱為subreddits）中社區活動的影響。我們發現，Reddit上的評論活動呈現出重尾分布，即大部分評論由一小部分用戶完成。此外，隨著subreddits規模的擴大，這種行為變得更加明顯，活動（通過subreddit中的評論數量衡量）更加集中在（相對）較小的核心用戶群體中。我們驗證了這些變化不能通過有限規模或抽樣效應來解釋。相反，我們觀察到分布隨著subreddit規模的系統性變化。為了量化subreddit中活動的集中度和不平等性，我們使用了基尼係數。我們發現，隨著subreddits用戶數量的增加，基尼係數也隨之增加，這似乎是規模擴展的自然結果。我們發現，評論的過剩數量（總評論數減去總用戶數）遵循指數為1.27的冪律分布。對於每個subreddit，我們考慮了一個月的數據快照，作為統計相關性和系統動態變化之間的折衷。我們展示了2021年全年的結果（每個subreddit最多有十二個快照），然而，使用單個月份或不同年份時，所有結果都是一致的。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Inferring Galactic Parameters from Chemical Abundances with Simulation-Based Inference
  • 中文標題：基於模擬推理從化學豐度推斷銀河系參數
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 10:05:58+00:00
  • 作者：Tobias Buck, Berkay Günes, Giuseppe Viterbo, William H. Oliver, Sven Buder
  • 分類：astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.IM, physics.comp-ph, physics.data-an, physics.space-ph
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02456v1

原文摘要：Galactic chemical abundances provide crucial insights into fundamental galactic parameters, such as the high-mass slope of the initial mass function (IMF) and the normalization of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) rates. Constraining these parameters is essential for advancing our understanding of stellar feedback, metal enrichment, and galaxy formation processes. However, traditional Bayesian inference techniques, such as Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC), are computationally prohibitive when applied to large datasets of modern stellar surveys. We leverage simulation-based-inference (SBI) as a scalable, robust, and efficient method for constraining galactic parameters from stellar chemical abundances and demonstrate its the advantages over HMC in terms of speed, scalability, and robustness against model misspecifications. We combine a Galactic Chemical Evolution (GCE) model, CHEMPY, with a neural network emulator and a Neural Posterior Estimator (NPE) to train our SBI pipeline. Mock datasets are generated using CHEMPY, including scenarios with mismatched nucleosynthetic yields, with additional tests conducted on data from a simulated Milky Way-like galaxy. SBI results are benchmarked against HMC-based inference, focusing on computational performance, accuracy, and resilience to systematic discrepancies. SBI achieves a $\sim75,600\times$ speed-up compared to HMC, reducing inference runtime from $\gtrsim42$ hours to mere seconds for thousands of stars. Inference on $1,000$ stars yields precise estimates for the IMF slope ($\alpha_{\rm IMF} = -2.298 \pm 0.002$) and SN Ia normalization ($\log_{10}(N_{\rm Ia}) = -2.885 \pm 0.003$), deviating less than 0.05% from the ground truth. SBI also demonstrates similar robustness to model misspecification than HMC, recovering accurate parameters even with alternate yield tables or data from a cosmological simulation. (shortened...) 中文摘要：銀河化學豐度為基本銀河參數提供了關鍵的見解，例如初始質量函數（IMF）的高質量斜率和Ia型超新星（SN Ia）速率的歸一化。約束這些參數對於推進我們對恆星反饋、金屬富集和星系形成過程的理解至關重要。然而，傳統的貝葉斯推斷技術，如哈密頓蒙特卡洛（HMC），在處理現代恆星調查的大數據集時計算上是不切實際的。我們利用基於模擬的推斷（SBI）作為一種可擴展、穩健且高效的方法，從恆星化學豐度中約束銀河參數，並展示了其在速度、可擴展性和對模型錯誤設定的魯棒性方面相對於HMC的優勢。我們將銀河化學演化（GCE）模型CHEMPY與神經網絡模擬器和神經後驗估計器（NPE）結合，訓練我們的SBI管道。使用CHEMPY生成模擬數據集，包括核合成產量不匹配的情景，並在模擬的類似銀河系的數據上進行額外測試。SBI結果與基於HMC的推斷進行基準測試，重點關注計算性能、準確性和對系統差異的恢復能力。SBI實現了與HMC相比約75,600倍的加速，將數千顆恆星的推斷運行時間從超過42小時減少到僅幾秒鐘。對1,000顆恆星的推斷得出了IMF斜率（$\alpha_{\rm IMF} = -2.298 \pm 0.002$）和SN Ia歸一化（$\log_{10}(N_{\rm Ia}) = -2.885 \pm 0.003$）的精確估計，與真實值的偏差小於0.05%。SBI還展示了與HMC相似的模型錯誤設定魯棒性，即使使用替代的產量表或來自宇宙學模擬的數據，也能恢復準確的參數。（簡化...）

摘要

  • 原文標題：Calibration of the mechanical boundary conditions for a patient-specific thoracic aorta model including the heart motion effect
  • 中文標題：患者特異性胸主動脈模型的機械邊界條件校準，包括心臟運動效應
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 10:50:10+00:00
  • 作者：Leonardo Geronzi, Aline Bel-Brunon, Antonio Martinez, Michel Rochette, Marco Sensale, Olivier Bouchot, Alain Lalande, Siyu Lin, Pier Paolo Valentini, Marco Evangelos Biancolini
  • 分類：physics.med-ph, cs.NA, math.NA
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02485v1

原文摘要：Objective: we propose a procedure for calibrating 4 parameters governing the mechanical boundary conditions (BCs) of a thoracic aorta (TA) model derived from one patient with ascending aortic aneurysm. The BCs reproduce the visco-elastic structural support provided by the soft tissue and the spine and allow for the inclusion of the heart motion effect. Methods: we first segment the TA from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) angiography and derive the heart motion by tracking the aortic annulus from cine-MRI. A rigid-wall fluid-dynamic simulation is performed to derive the time-varying wall pressure field. We build the finite element model considering patient-specific material properties and imposing the derived pressure field and the motion at the annulus boundary. The calibration, which involves the zero-pressure state computation, is based on purely structural simulations. After obtaining the vessel boundaries from the cine-MRI sequences, an iterative procedure is performed to minimize the distance between them and the corresponding boundaries derived from the deformed structural model. A strongly-coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis is finally performed with the tuned parameters and compared to the purely structural simulation. Results and Conclusion: the calibration with structural simulations allows to reduce maximum and mean distances between image-derived and simulation-derived boundaries from 8.64 mm to 6.37 mm and from 2.24 mm to 1.83 mm, respectively. The maximum root mean square error between the deformed structural and FSI surface meshes is 0.19 mm. This procedure may prove crucial for increasing the model fidelity in replicating the real aortic root kinematics. 中文摘要：摘要：目標：我們提出了一種用於校準控制患者特異性胸主動脈（TA）模型機械邊界條件（BCs）的4個參數的程序，該模型源自一名患有升主動脈瘤的患者。這些邊界條件再現了軟組織和脊柱提供的粘彈性結構支持，並允許納入心臟運動效應。方法：我們首先從磁共振成像（MRI）血管造影中分割出胸主動脈，並通過追蹤電影MRI中的主動脈環來推導心臟運動。進行剛性壁流體動力學模擬以推導隨時間變化的壁壓力場。我們構建了有限元模型，考慮了患者特異性材料屬性，並施加了推導出的壓力場和環邊界的運動。校準過程涉及零壓力狀態計算，基於純結構模擬。在從電影MRI序列中獲得血管邊界後，執行迭代程序以最小化它們與從變形結構模型推導出的相應邊界之間的距離。最後，使用調整後的參數進行強耦合流體-結構相互作用（FSI）分析，並與純結構模擬進行比較。結果和結論：通過結構模擬的校準，圖像推導和模擬推導的邊界之間的最大和平均距離分別從8.64毫米減少到6.37毫米和從2.24毫米減少到1.83毫米。變形結構和FSI表面網格之間的最大均方根誤差為0.19毫米。該程序可能對提高模型在複製真實主動脈根部運動學方面的保真度至關重要。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Prospects for Pentaquark Baryon Search with the Upgraded LEPS2 Facility
  • 中文標題：升級版LEPS2設施下五夸克重子搜索的前景
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 11:47:40+00:00
  • 作者：T. Nakano, S. Ajimura, Y. Asano, S. Dat'e, T. Hashimoto, A. Higashi, T. Hotta, T. Ishikawa, H. Katsuragawa, R. Kobayakawa, H. Kohri, K. Mizutani, Y. Ohashi, H. Ohkuma, S. Y. Ryu, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, K. Watanabe, B. Yan, T. Yorita, M. Yosoi, G. Kojima, M. Miyabe, N. Muramatsu, H. Ohnishi, Y. Sada, H. Shimizu, A. O. Tokiyasu, M. Niiyama, K. Nishi, J. K. Ahn, Y. Ma, T. H. Nam, C. Rangacharyulu, M. Sumihama, C. Yoshida
  • 分類：hep-ex, nucl-ex
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02528v1

原文摘要：We present prospects for the $\Theta^+$ pentaquark baryon search using the newly constructed LEPS2 facility at SPring-8. The LEPS2 detector system features significant improvements in acceptance for multi-particle final states compared to previous experiments. Our search employs two complementary strategies: direct production in the $\gamma n \to K^-\Theta^+$ reaction using a liquid deuterium target with a photon beam up to 2.4 GeV, and $\bar{K}^{*0}$-associated $\Theta^+$ production using a liquid hydrogen target with a photon beam up to 2.9 GeV. The extended acceptance covers both forward and large angle regions, effectively spanning the kinematic regions explored by previous LEPS and CLAS experiments. The large acceptance and improved resolution of LEPS2, combined with these complementary approaches, provide unprecedented sensitivity for establishing the existence of the $\Theta^+$ or placing definitive upper limits on its production. 中文摘要：我們展示了使用SPring-8新建設的LEPS2設施進行$\Theta^+$五夸克重子搜索的前景。LEPS2探測器系統在多粒子末態接受度方面相比之前的實驗有顯著改進。我們的搜索採用兩種互補策略：使用能量高達2.4 GeV的光子束和液態氘靶直接產生$\gamma n \to K^-\Theta^+$反應，以及使用能量高達2.9 GeV的光子束和液態氫靶進行$\bar{K}^{*0}$相關的$\Theta^+$產生。擴展的接受度覆蓋了前向和大角度區域，有效涵蓋了之前LEPS和CLAS實驗探索的運動學區域。LEPS2的大接受度和改進的解析度，結合這些互補方法，為確定$\Theta^+$的存在或對其產生設定明確的上限提供了前所未有的靈敏度。

摘要

  • 原文標題：A New $\sim 5σ$ Tension at Characteristic Redshift from DESI DR1 and DES-SN5YR observations
  • 中文標題：DESI DR1 和 DES-SN5YR 觀測中特徵紅移處的新 $\sim 5σ$ 張力
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 18:58:15+00:00
  • 作者：Purba Mukherjee, Anjan A Sen
  • 分類：astro-ph.CO, cs.LG, gr-qc, hep-th
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02880v1

原文摘要：We perform a model-independent reconstruction of the angular diameter distance ($D_{A}$) using the Multi-Task Gaussian Process (MTGP) framework with DESI-DR1 BAO and DES-SN5YR datasets. We calibrate the comoving sound horizon at the baryon drag epoch $r_d$ to the Planck best-fit value, ensuring consistency with early-universe physics. With the reconstructed $D_A$ at two key redshifts, $z\sim 1.63$ (where $D_{A}^{\prime} =0$) and at $z\sim 0.512$ (where $D_{A}^{\prime} = D_{A}$), we derive the expansion rate of the Universe $H(z)$ at these redshifts. Our findings reveal that at $z\sim 1.63$, the $H(z)$ is fully consistent with the Planck-2018 $\Lambda$CDM prediction, confirming no new physics at that redshift. However, at $z \sim 0.512$, the derived $H(z)$ shows a more than $5\sigma$ discrepancy with the Planck-2018 $\Lambda$CDM prediction, suggesting a possible breakdown of the $\Lambda$CDM model as constrained by Planck-2018 at this lower redshift. This emerging $\sim 5\sigma$ tension at $z\sim 0.512$, distinct from the existing ``Hubble Tension, may signal the first strong evidence for new physics at low redshifts. 中文摘要：我們使用多任務高斯過程（MTGP）框架結合DESI-DR1 BAO和DES-SN5YR數據集，對角直徑距離（$D_{A}$）進行了模型無關的重建。我們將重子拖曳時期的共動聲視界$r_d$校準為普朗克最佳擬合值，確保與早期宇宙物理學的一致性。通過重建的兩個關鍵紅移處的$D_A$，即$z\sim 1.63$（其中$D_{A}^{\prime} =0$）和$z\sim 0.512$（其中$D_{A}^{\prime} = D_{A}$），我們推導了這些紅移處的宇宙膨脹率$H(z)$。我們的研究結果表明，在$z\sim 1.63$處，$H(z)$與普朗克-2018 $\Lambda$CDM預測完全一致，確認在該紅移處沒有新的物理現象。然而，在$z \sim 0.512$處，推導出的$H(z)$與普朗克-2018 $\Lambda$CDM預測顯示出超過$5\sigma$的差異，表明在較低紅移處，普朗克-2018約束的$\Lambda$CDM模型可能失效。這一在$z\sim 0.512$處新出現的$\sim 5\sigma$張力，與現有的「哈勃張力」不同，可能是低紅移處新物理現象的第一個強有力證據。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Trust and Friction: Negotiating How Information Flows Through Decentralized Social Media
  • 中文標題：信任與摩擦：去中心化社交媒體中信息流動的協商
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 00:29:32+00:00
  • 作者：Sohyeon Hwang, Priyanka Nanayakkara, Yan Shvartzshnaider
  • 分類：cs.HC, cs.CY, cs.SI
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02150v1

原文摘要：Decentralized social media protocols enable users in independent, user-hosted servers (i.e., instances) to interact with each other while they self-govern. This community-based model of social media governance opens up new opportunities for tailored decision-making about information flows -- i.e., what user data is shared to whom and when -- and in turn, for protecting user privacy. To better understand how community governance shapes privacy expectations on decentralized social media, we conducted a semi-structured interview with 23 users of the Fediverse, a decentralized social media network. Our findings illustrate important factors that shape a community's understandings of information flows, such as rules and proactive efforts from admins who are perceived as trustworthy. We also highlight governance frictions between communities that raise new privacy risks due to incompatibilities in values, security practices, and software. Our findings highlight the unique challenges of decentralized social media, suggest design opportunities to address frictions, and outline the role of participatory decision-making to realize the full potential of decentralization. 中文摘要：去中心化社交媒體協議使得獨立、用戶託管的伺服器（即實例）中的用戶可以相互交互，同時實現自我治理。這種基於社區的社交媒體治理模式為信息流的定製決策（即哪些用戶數據在何時與誰共享）以及保護用戶隱私提供了新的機會。為了更好地理解社區治理如何塑造去中心化社交媒體上的隱私期望，我們對23名Fediverse（一個去中心化社交媒體網絡）用戶進行了半結構化訪談。我們的研究結果揭示了塑造社區對信息流理解的重要因素，例如被視為可信的管理員的規則和積極努力。我們還強調了社區之間的「治理摩擦」，這些摩擦由於價值觀、安全實踐和軟體的不兼容性而引發新的隱私風險。我們的研究結果突出了去中心化社交媒體的獨特挑戰，提出了解決摩擦的設計機會，並概述了參與式決策在實現去中心化全部潛力中的作用。

摘要

  • 原文標題：In-Depth Analysis of Automated Acne Disease Recognition and Classification
  • 中文標題：深度分析自動痤瘡疾病識別與分類
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 17:58:44+00:00
  • 作者：Afsana Ahsan Jeny, Masum Shah Junayed, Md Robel Mia, Md Baharul Islam
  • 分類：cs.CV
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02835v1

原文摘要：Facial acne is a common disease, especially among adolescents, negatively affecting both physically and psychologically. Classifying acne is vital to providing the appropriate treatment. Traditional visual inspection or expert scanning is time-consuming and difficult to differentiate acne types. This paper introduces an automated expert system for acne recognition and classification. The proposed method employs a machine learning-based technique to classify and evaluate six types of acne diseases to facilitate the diagnosis of dermatologists. The pre-processing phase includes contrast improvement, smoothing filter, and RGB to L*a*b color conversion to eliminate noise and improve the classification accuracy. Then, a clustering-based segmentation method, k-means clustering, is applied for segmenting the disease-affected regions that pass through the feature extraction step. Characteristics of these disease-affected regions are extracted based on a combination of gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and Statistical features. Finally, five different machine learning classifiers are employed to classify acne diseases. Experimental results show that the Random Forest (RF) achieves the highest accuracy of 98.50%, which is promising compared to the state-of-the-art methods. 中文摘要：面部痤瘡是一種常見疾病，尤其在青少年中，對身體和心理都有負面影響。痤瘡的分類對於提供適當的治療至關重要。傳統的視覺檢查或專家掃描耗時且難以區分痤瘡類型。本文介紹了一種用於痤瘡識別和分類的自動化專家系統。所提出的方法採用基於機器學習的技術對六種痤瘡疾病進行分類和評估，以輔助皮膚科醫生的診斷。預處理階段包括對比度增強、平滑濾波和RGB到L*a*b顏色轉換，以消除噪聲並提高分類準確性。然後，應用基於聚類的分割方法——k均值聚類，對通過特徵提取步驟的疾病影響區域進行分割。這些疾病影響區域的特徵基於灰度共生矩陣（GLCM）和統計特徵的組合進行提取。最後，採用五種不同的機器學習分類器對痤瘡疾病進行分類。實驗結果表明，隨機森林（RF）達到了98.50%的最高準確率，與現有最先進的方法相比具有顯著優勢。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Evaluating a Digital Speech Therapy App for Stuttering: A Pilot Validation Study
  • 中文標題：評估一款針對口吃的數字語音治療應用：一項試點驗證研究
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 16:07:16+00:00
  • 作者：Urvisha Shethia, Vedali Inamdar, Viraj Kulkarni
  • 分類：cs.HC
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02743v1

原文摘要：Stuttering is a speech disorder that disrupts fluency and often leads to significant psychological and social challenges. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Eloquent, a digital speech therapy app, by analyzing pre-therapy and post-therapy speech samples using the Stuttering Severity Index-4 (SSI-4) and the S24 communication and attitude scale. Results indicate significant improvements in fluency, with reductions in SSI-4 scores across reading, speaking, duration, and physical concomitant metrics. Additionally, participants demonstrated a more positive attitude towards communication post-therapy, as evidenced by lower S24 scores. These findings highlight the potential of technology-driven, structured speech therapy interventions to deliver measurable improvements in stuttering severity and communication confidence. 中文摘要：口吃是一種影響言語流暢性的語言障礙，常導致顯著的心理和社會挑戰。本研究通過使用口吃嚴重程度指數-4（SSI-4）和S24溝通與態度量表，分析治療前後的言語樣本，評估了數字言語治療應用Eloquent的有效性。結果表明，在閱讀、說話、持續時間和身體伴隨指標方面，SSI-4得分顯著降低，流暢性顯著提高。此外，參與者在治療後的溝通態度更加積極，S24得分降低證明了這一點。這些發現突顯了技術驅動的結構化言語治療干預在改善口吃嚴重程度和溝通信心方面的潛力。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Toward Filling a Critical Knowledge Gap: Charting the Interactions of Age with Task and Visualization
  • 中文標題：填補關鍵知識空白：年齡與任務及可視化的交互關係研究
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 15:17:12+00:00
  • 作者：Zack While, Ali Sarvghad
  • 分類：cs.HC
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02699v1

原文摘要：We present the results of a study comparing the performance of younger adults (YA) and people in late adulthood (PLA) across ten low-level analysis tasks and five basic visualizations, employing Bayesian regression to aggregate and model participant performance. We analyzed performance at the task level and across combinations of tasks and visualizations, reporting measures of performance at aggregate and individual levels. These analyses showed that PLA on average required more time to complete tasks while demonstrating comparable accuracy. Furthermore, at the individual level, PLA exhibited greater heterogeneity in task performance as well as differences in best-performing visualization types for some tasks. We contribute empirical knowledge on how age interacts with analysis task and visualization type and use these results to offer actionable insights and design recommendations for aging-inclusive visualization design. We invite the visualization research community to further investigate aging-aware data visualization. Supplementary materials can be found at https://osf.io/a7xtz/. 中文摘要：我們展示了一項研究的結果，該研究比較了年輕成年人（YA）和晚年成年人（PLA）在十項低層次分析任務和五種基本可視化中的表現，採用貝葉斯回歸來聚合和建模參與者的表現。我們分析了任務層面以及任務與可視化組合的表現，報告了整體和個體層面的表現指標。這些分析表明，PLA平均需要更多時間完成任務，同時表現出相當的準確性。此外，在個體層面，PLA在任務表現上表現出更大的異質性，並且在某些任務中表現最佳的可視化類型也存在差異。我們貢獻了關於年齡如何與分析任務和可視化類型交互的實證知識，並利用這些結果為包容老齡化的可視化設計提供了可行的見解和設計建議。我們邀請可視化研究社區進一步研究老齡化感知的數據可視化。補充材料可以在 https://osf.io/a7xtz/ 找到。

摘要

  • 原文標題：High Speed Imagery Analysis of Droplet Impact on Soft Oil Infused Surface
  • 中文標題：高速影像分析：液滴在軟油浸潤表面的撞擊
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 18:48:57+00:00
  • 作者：Shubham S. Ganar, Deepak J., Arindam Das
  • 分類：physics.flu-dyn
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02871v1

原文摘要：Droplet impact on solid liquid-infused surfaces (LIS) has been widely explored due to its significant scientific implications and industrial relevance. In most studies, the predominant impact behavior observed is complete droplet rebound. In This study we investigated the influence of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) functionalization and oil coatings on the droplet impact dynamics of smooth polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. We conducted droplet impact experiments on smooth PDMS functionalized with OTS and subsequently coated or absorbed with two different oils, silicone oil (5cSt) and hexadecane, to create Van der Waals and non-Van der Waals SLIP surfaces. Contact angle measurements revealed that OTS functionalization reduced adhesion and increased water repellency, facilitating partial droplet rebound upon impact. Oil-coated surfaces exhibited reduced droplet spreading due to viscous resistance, while absorbed oils altered surface flexibility, influencing impact dynamics. PDMS samples absorbed with silicone oil demonstrated complete droplet rebound at all Weber numbers, whereas hexadecane-absorbed surfaces exhibited limited spreading and no rebound, highlighting the significance of oil-PDMS interactions. High-speed imaging and quantitative analysis confirmed that surface functionalization and oil interactions critically affect droplet spreading, recoil, and rebound behavior. These findings provide insights into optimizing liquid-repellent surfaces for applications such as self-cleaning coatings and droplet transport systems. 中文摘要：液滴撞擊固體液體注入表面（LIS）因其重要的科學意義和工業相關性而被廣泛研究。在大多數研究中，觀察到的主要撞擊行為是完全液滴反彈。在本研究中，我們研究了十八烷基三氯矽烷（OTS）功能化和油塗層對光滑聚二甲基矽氧烷（PDMS）表面液滴撞擊動力學的影響。我們在OTS功能化的光滑PDMS上進行了液滴撞擊實驗，隨後塗覆或吸收兩種不同的油，矽油（5cSt）和十六烷，以創建范德華和非范德華SLIP表面。接觸角測量顯示，OTS功能化減少了粘附並增加了防水性，促進了撞擊時的部分液滴反彈。油塗層表面由於粘性阻力減少了液滴的擴散，而吸收的油改變了表面柔韌性，影響了撞擊動力學。吸收矽油的PDMS樣品在所有韋伯數下都表現出完全的液滴反彈，而吸收十六烷的表面表現出有限的擴散且無反彈，突出了油與PDMS相互作用的重要性。高速成像和定量分析證實，表面功能化和油相互作用對液滴擴散、回縮和反彈行為有重要影響。這些發現為優化自清潔塗層和液滴傳輸系統等應用中的液體排斥表面提供了見解。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Generative Tools for Graphical Assets: Empirical Guidelines based on Game Designers' and Developers' Preferences
  • 中文標題：圖形資產生成工具：基於遊戲設計師和開發者偏好的實證指南
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 15:18:50+00:00
  • 作者：Kaisei Fukaya, Damon Daylamani-Zad, Harry Agius
  • 分類：cs.HC, cs.AI
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02703v1

原文摘要：Graphical assets play an important role in the design and development of games. There is potential in the use of generative tools, to aid in creating graphical assets, thus improving game design and development pipelines. However, there is little research to address how the generative methods can fit into the wider pipeline. We conducted a user study with 16 game designers and developers to examine their preferences regarding generative tools for graphical assets. The findings highlight that early design stage is preferred by all participants (mean values above 0.67 and p < .001 for early stages). Designers and developers prefer to use such tools for creating large amounts of variations at the cost of quality as they can improve the quality of the artefacts once they generate a suitable asset (mean value 0.17 where 1 is high quality, p < .001). They also strongly (mean value .78, p < .001) raised the need for better integration of such tools in existing design and development environments and the need for the outputs to be in common data formats, to be manipulatable and integrate smoothly into existing environments (mean 3.5 out of 5, p = .004). The study also highlights the requirement for further emphasis on the needs of the users to incorporate these tools effectively in existing pipelines. Informed by these results, we provide a set of guidelines for creating tools that meet the expectations and needs of game designers and developers. 中文摘要：圖形資源在遊戲的設計和開發中扮演著重要角色。生成工具在輔助創建圖形資源方面具有潛力，從而改進遊戲設計和開發流程。然而，關於生成方法如何融入更廣泛的流程的研究較少。我們進行了一項用戶研究，調查了16名遊戲設計師和開發者對圖形資源生成工具的偏好。研究結果表明，所有參與者都傾向於在早期設計階段使用這些工具（早期階段的平均值高於0.67，p < .001）。設計師和開發者更願意使用這些工具以犧牲質量為代價創建大量變體，因為他們可以在生成合適的資源後提高其質量（平均值為0.17，其中1表示高質量，p < .001）。他們還強烈（平均值為0.78，p < .001）提出了將這些工具更好地集成到現有設計和開發環境中的需求，並要求輸出為常見的數據格式，以便能夠操作並順利集成到現有環境中（平均值為3.5分，滿分為5分，p = .004）。研究還強調了進一步關注用戶需求的重要性，以便有效地將這些工具納入現有流程。基於這些結果，我們提供了一套指導原則，用於創建滿足遊戲設計師和開發者期望和需求的工具。

摘要

  • 原文標題：InSerter: Speech Instruction Following with Unsupervised Interleaved Pre-training
  • 中文標題：InSerter：通過無監督交錯預訓練實現語音指令跟隨
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 16:34:14+00:00
  • 作者：Dingdong Wang, Jin Xu, Ruihang Chu, Zhifang Guo, Xiong Wang, Jincenzi Wu, Dongchao Yang, Shengpeng Ji, Junyang Lin
  • 分類：cs.SD, cs.CL, cs.HC, eess.AS
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02769v1

原文摘要：Recent advancements in speech large language models (SpeechLLMs) have attracted considerable attention. Nonetheless, current methods exhibit suboptimal performance in adhering to speech instructions. Notably, the intelligence of models significantly diminishes when processing speech-form input as compared to direct text-form input. Prior work has attempted to mitigate this semantic inconsistency between speech and text representations through techniques such as representation and behavior alignment, which involve the meticulous design of data pairs during the post-training phase. In this paper, we introduce a simple and scalable training method called InSerter, which stands for Interleaved Speech-Text Representation Pre-training. InSerter is designed to pre-train large-scale unsupervised speech-text sequences, where the speech is synthesized from randomly selected segments of an extensive text corpus using text-to-speech conversion. Consequently, the model acquires the ability to generate textual continuations corresponding to the provided speech segments, obviating the need for intensive data design endeavors. To systematically evaluate speech instruction-following capabilities, we introduce SpeechInstructBench, the first comprehensive benchmark specifically designed for speech-oriented instruction-following tasks. Our proposed InSerter achieves SOTA performance in SpeechInstructBench and demonstrates superior or competitive results across diverse speech processing tasks. 中文摘要：近年來，語音大語言模型（SpeechLLMs）的進展引起了廣泛關注。然而，當前方法在遵循語音指令方面表現欠佳。值得注意的是，與直接處理文本輸入相比，模型在處理語音輸入時的智能顯著下降。先前的研究嘗試通過表示和行為對齊等技術來緩解語音和文本表示之間的語義不一致問題，這些技術涉及在訓練後階段精心設計數據對。在本文中，我們提出了一種簡單且可擴展的訓練方法，稱為InSerter，即交錯語音-文本表示預訓練。InSerter旨在預訓練大規模無監督的語音-文本序列，其中語音是通過文本到語音轉換從大量文本語料庫中隨機選擇的片段合成的。因此，模型能夠生成與提供的語音片段相對應的文本延續，從而避免了密集的數據設計工作。為了系統評估語音指令遵循能力，我們引入了SpeechInstructBench，這是第一個專門為面向語音的指令遵循任務設計的綜合基準。我們提出的InSerter在SpeechInstructBench中實現了最先進的性能，並在各種語音處理任務中展示了優越或具有競爭力的結果。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Aggregation Strategies for Efficient Annotation of Bioacoustic Sound Events Using Active Learning
  • 中文標題：使用主動學習進行生物聲學聲音事件高效標註的聚合策略
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 09:08:33+00:00
  • 作者：Richard Lindholm, Oscar Marklund, Olof Mogren, John Martinsson
  • 分類：cs.SD, cs.LG, eess.AS
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02422v1

原文摘要：The vast amounts of audio data collected in Sound Event Detection (SED) applications require efficient annotation strategies to enable supervised learning. Manual labeling is expensive and time-consuming, making Active Learning (AL) a promising approach for reducing annotation effort. We introduce Top K Entropy, a novel uncertainty aggregation strategy for AL that prioritizes the most uncertain segments within an audio recording, instead of averaging uncertainty across all segments. This approach enables the selection of entire recordings for annotation, improving efficiency in sparse data scenarios. We compare Top K Entropy to random sampling and Mean Entropy, and show that fewer labels can lead to the same model performance, particularly in datasets with sparse sound events. Evaluations are conducted on audio mixtures of sound recordings from parks with meerkat, dog, and baby crying sound events, representing real-world bioacoustic monitoring scenarios. Using Top K Entropy for active learning, we can achieve comparable performance to training on the fully labeled dataset with only 8% of the labels. Top K Entropy outperforms Mean Entropy, suggesting that it is best to let the most uncertain segments represent the uncertainty of an audio file. The findings highlight the potential of AL for scalable annotation in audio and time-series applications, including bioacoustics. 中文摘要：在聲音事件檢測（SED）應用中，收集的大量音頻數據需要高效的標註策略以支持監督學習。手動標註既昂貴又耗時，因此主動學習（AL）成為減少標註工作量的有前景的方法。我們提出了一種新的不確定性聚合策略——Top K Entropy，它優先考慮音頻記錄中最不確定的片段，而不是對所有片段的不確定性進行平均。這種方法使得可以選擇整個錄音進行標註，從而在稀疏數據場景中提高效率。我們將Top K Entropy與隨機採樣和Mean Entropy進行比較，結果表明，使用更少的標籤可以達到相同的模型性能，尤其是在包含稀疏聲音事件的數據集中。評估是在包含貓鼬、狗和嬰兒哭聲的公園錄音的音頻混合物上進行的，代表了現實世界的生物聲學監測場景。使用Top K Entropy進行主動學習，我們僅需8%的標籤即可達到與完全標註數據集訓練相當的性能。Top K Entropy優於Mean Entropy，表明讓最不確定的片段代表音頻文件的不確定性是最佳選擇。這些發現突顯了主動學習在音頻和時間序列應用（包括生物聲學）中可擴展標註的潛力。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Chemically resolved nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy by longitudinal magnetization detection with a diamond magnetometer
  • 中文標題：基於縱向磁化檢測的化學分辨核磁共振光譜技術
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 00:16:05+00:00
  • 作者：Janis Smits, Yaser Silani, Zaili Peng, Bryan A. Richards, Andrew F. McDowell, Joshua T. Damron, Maxwell D. Aiello, Maziar Saleh Ziabari, Andrey Jarmola, Victor M. Acosta
  • 分類：physics.ins-det, physics.app-ph, physics.chem-ph, physics.optics, quant-ph
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02140v1

原文摘要：Non-inductive magnetometers based on solid-state spins offer a promising solution for small-volume nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection. A remaining challenge is to operate at a sufficiently high magnetic field to resolve chemical shifts at the part-per-billion level. Here, we demonstrate a Ramsey-M_z protocol that uses Ramsey interferometry to convert an analyte's transverse spin precession into a longitudinal magnetization (M_z), which is subsequently modulated and detected with a diamond magnetometer. We record NMR spectra at B0=0.32 T with a fractional spectral resolution of ~350 ppb, limited by the stability of the electromagnet bias field. We perform NMR spectroscopy on a ~1 nL detection volume of ethanol and resolve the chemical shift structure with negligible distortion. Through simulation, we show that the protocol can be extended to fields up to B0=3 T, with minimal spectral distortion, using composite nuclear-spin inversion pulses. For sub-nanoliter analyte volumes, we estimate a resolution of ~1 ppb and concentration sensitivity of ~40 mM s^{1/2} is feasible with improvements to the sensor design. Our results establish diamond magnetometers as high-resolution NMR detectors in the moderate magnetic field regime, with potential applications in metabolomics and pharmaceutical research. 中文摘要：基於固態自旋的非感應磁力計為小體積核磁共振（NMR）檢測提供了一種有前景的解決方案。一個尚未解決的挑戰是在足夠高的磁場下運行，以解析十億分之一水平的化學位移。在這裡，我們展示了一種Ramsey-M_z協議，該協議使用Ramsey干涉法將分析物的橫向自旋進動轉換為縱向磁化（M_z），隨後用金剛石磁力計進行調製和檢測。我們在B0=0.32 T下記錄了NMR光譜，光譜解析度約為350 ppb，受限於電磁鐵偏置場的穩定性。我們對約1 nL的乙醇檢測體積進行了NMR光譜分析，並以可忽略的失真解析了化學位移結構。通過模擬，我們展示了該協議可以擴展到B0=3 T的磁場，使用複合核自旋反轉脈衝，光譜失真最小。對於亞納升分析物體積，我們估計通過改進傳感器設計，可以實現約1 ppb的解析度和約40 mM s^{1/2}的濃度靈敏度。我們的研究結果表明，金剛石磁力計在中等磁場範圍內作為高解析度NMR檢測器具有潛力，在代謝組學和藥物研究中具有潛在應用。

摘要

  • 原文標題：(How) Do Language Models Track State?
  • 中文標題：（如何）語言模型跟蹤狀態？
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 18:31:02+00:00
  • 作者：Belinda Z. Li, Zifan Carl Guo, Jacob Andreas
  • 分類：cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.LG
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02854v1

原文摘要：Transformer language models (LMs) exhibit behaviors -- from storytelling to code generation -- that appear to require tracking the unobserved state of an evolving world. How do they do so? We study state tracking in LMs trained or fine-tuned to compose permutations (i.e., to compute the order of a set of objects after a sequence of swaps). Despite the simple algebraic structure of this problem, many other tasks (e.g., simulation of finite automata and evaluation of boolean expressions) can be reduced to permutation composition, making it a natural model for state tracking in general. We show that LMs consistently learn one of two state tracking mechanisms for this task. The first closely resembles the "associative scan" construction used in recent theoretical work by Liu et al. (2023) and Merrill et al. (2024). The second uses an easy-to-compute feature (permutation parity) to partially prune the space of outputs, then refines this with an associative scan. The two mechanisms exhibit markedly different robustness properties, and we show how to steer LMs toward one or the other with intermediate training tasks that encourage or suppress the heuristics. Our results demonstrate that transformer LMs, whether pretrained or fine-tuned, can learn to implement efficient and interpretable state tracking mechanisms, and the emergence of these mechanisms can be predicted and controlled. 中文摘要：Transformer 語言模型（LMs）表現出從講故事到代碼生成等行為，這些行為似乎需要跟蹤一個不斷演化的世界的未觀察狀態。它們是如何做到這一點的？我們研究了在訓練或微調後用於排列組合（即計算一組對象在一系列交換後的順序）的語言模型中的狀態跟蹤。儘管這個問題的代數結構簡單，但許多其他任務（例如有限自動機的模擬和布爾表達式的評估）可以簡化為排列組合，使其成為一般狀態跟蹤的自然模型。我們展示了語言模型在此任務中一致地學習兩種狀態跟蹤機制之一。第一種機制與 Liu 等人（2023）和 Merrill 等人（2024）最近理論工作中使用的「關聯掃描」構造非常相似。第二種機制使用易於計算的特徵（排列奇偶性）來部分修剪輸出空間，然後通過關聯掃描進行細化。這兩種機制表現出顯著不同的魯棒性特性，我們展示了如何通過鼓勵或抑制啟發式的中間訓練任務來引導語言模型選擇其中一種機制。我們的結果表明，無論是預訓練還是微調的 Transformer 語言模型，都可以學習實現高效且可解釋的狀態跟蹤機制，並且這些機制的出現可以被預測和控制。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Sparse Meets Dense: Unified Generative Recommendations with Cascaded Sparse-Dense Representations
  • 中文標題：稀疏與密集相遇：基於級聯稀疏-密集表示的統一生成推薦
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 10:00:05+00:00
  • 作者：Yuhao Yang, Zhi Ji, Zhaopeng Li, Yi Li, Zhonglin Mo, Yue Ding, Kai Chen, Zijian Zhang, Jie Li, Shuanglong Li, Lin Liu
  • 分類：cs.IR, cs.AI
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02453v1

中文摘要：生成模型最近在推薦系統中受到關注，通過直接從用戶交互序列中預測項目標識符。然而，現有方法由於量化、序列建模等階段的分離，導致信息丟失嚴重，阻礙了其實現序列密集檢索技術的建模精度和準確性。將生成方法與密集檢索方法集成仍然是一個關鍵挑戰。為了解決這一問題，我們引入了級聯組織雙表示生成檢索（COBRA）框架，該框架通過級聯過程創新性地集成了稀疏語義ID和密集向量。我們的方法通過首先生成稀疏ID來交替生成這些表示，稀疏ID作為條件幫助生成密集向量。端到端訓練能夠動態優化密集表示，捕捉用戶-項目交互中的語義洞察和協作信號。在推理過程中，COBRA採用從粗到細的策略，從稀疏ID生成開始，並通過生成模型將其細化為密集向量。我們進一步提出了BeamFusion，這是一種將束搜索與最近鄰分數相結合的創新方法，以增強推理的靈活性和推薦的多樣性。在公共數據集和離線測試上的大量實驗驗證了我們方法的魯棒性。在一個擁有超過2億日活躍用戶的真實廣告平台上進行的在線A/B測試表明，關鍵指標有顯著提升，凸顯了COBRA的實際優勢。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Meson dynamics from locally exciting a particle-conserving $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory
  • 中文標題：從局部激發粒子守恆的$Z_2$晶格規範理論中的介子動力學
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 17:09:44+00:00
  • 作者：Vaibhav Sharma, Kaden R. A. Hazzard
  • 分類：quant-ph, cond-mat.quant-gas, hep-lat, hep-ph
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02791v1

中文摘要：量子模擬晶格規範理論是獲取粒子物理現象和受限量子多體動力學洞察的重要途徑。當前量子模擬器上可實現的晶格規範理論中，對高能碰撞現象類比的探測興趣日益增長。受此啟發，我們描述了在一維粒子守恆的$Z_2$晶格規範理論中，由局部高能激發產生的受限介子。我們專注於一個簡單且實驗上可實現的設置，該設置不需要準備碰撞波包，並隔離了規範場約束強度和初始態能量對傳播激發性質的影響。我們發現動力學特徵表現為不同大小介子的疊加傳播。線性約束導致介子大小隨時間振盪。平均介子大小和振盪頻率由規範場約束強度控制。在恆定約束場下，平均介子長度由初始激發能量控制。更高的能量產生更長的介子，其有效質量強烈依賴於其大小：更長的介子從中心激發傳播得更慢。不同大小的介子由於速度不同而隨時間進行空間過濾。我們展示了這種現象學是線性約束的結果，並且在強約束和弱約束極限下都有效。我們提供了這些現象的簡單解釋，並得到了精確數值的支持。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Weakly-Constrained 4D Var for Downscaling with Uncertainty using Data-Driven Surrogate Models
  • 中文標題：使用數據驅動代理模型進行不確定性降尺度的弱約束四維變分方法
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 14:33:54+00:00
  • 作者：Philip Dinenis, Vishwas Rao, Mihai Anitescu
  • 分類：physics.ao-ph, cs.LG, math.OC
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02665v1

中文摘要：動態降尺度通常涉及使用數值天氣預報（NWP）求解器將粗數據細化到更高的空間解析度。數據驅動模型（如FourCastNet）已成為傳統NWP模型的有前景的替代方案，用於預測。一旦這些模型被訓練，它們能夠在幾秒鐘內提供預測，比經典NWP模型快數千倍。然而，隨著預測時間（即預測窗口）的增加，這些模型顯示出不穩定性，因為它們傾向於偏離現實。在本文中，我們提出使用數據同化方法來穩定它們在降尺度任務中的應用。數據同化使用來自三個不同來源的信息，即基於偏微分方程（PDE）的不完美計算模型、噪聲觀測和反映不確定性的先驗信息。在這項工作中，在進行動態降尺度時，我們用FourCastNet替換了計算成本高昂的基於PDE的NWP模型，並在一個「弱約束4DVar框架」中考慮了隱含的模型誤差。我們展示了這種方法在颶風跟蹤問題中的有效性；此外，4DVar框架自然地允許表達和量化不確定性。我們使用ERA5數據證明，我們的方法在預測準確性和預測不確定性方面均優於集合卡爾曼濾波（EnKF）和未穩定的FourCastNet模型。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Deep Learning-Enhanced Visual Monitoring in Hazardous Underwater Environments with a Swarm of Micro-Robots
  • 中文標題：深度學習增強的視覺監測在危險水下環境中的應用：基於微型機器人群體
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 16:19:06+00:00
  • 作者：Shuang Chen, Yifeng He, Barry Lennox, Farshad Arvin, Amir Atapour-Abarghouei
  • 分類：cs.RO, cs.CV
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02752v1

中文摘要：長期監測和探索極端環境，如水下儲存設施，成本高、勞動強度大且危險。通過低成本協作機器人自動化這一過程可以大大提高效率。這些機器人從不同位置捕捉圖像，必須同時處理這些圖像以創建設施的時空模型。在本文中，我們提出了一種新方法，集成了數據模擬、用於坐標預測的多模態深度學習網絡和圖像重組，以應對環境干擾導致機器人位置和方向漂移和旋轉的挑戰。我們的方法通過整合來自快照的視覺信息、來自掩碼的全局位置上下文以及噪聲坐標，提高了在噪聲環境中的對齊精度。我們通過使用模擬真實世界水下環境中機器人操作的合成數據進行了廣泛的實驗驗證。結果表明，坐標預測精度非常高，圖像組裝合理，表明我們的方法在實際應用中的可行性。組裝的圖像提供了清晰連貫的水下環境視圖，用於有效的監測和檢查，展示了在極端環境中更廣泛應用的潛力，進一步有助於提高危險現場監測的安全性、效率和成本降低。代碼可在 https://github.com/ChrisChen1023/Micro-Robot-Swarm 獲取。

摘要

  • 原文標題：Flexible Prefrontal Control over Hippocampal Episodic Memory for Goal-Directed Generalization
  • 中文標題：靈活的前額葉控制海馬情景記憶以實現目標導向的泛化
  • 發布日期：2025-03-04 06:04:54+00:00
  • 作者：Yicong Zheng, Nora Wolf, Charan Ranganath, Randall C. O'Reilly, Kevin L. McKee
  • 分類：cs.NE, cs.AI, cs.LG
  • 原文連結：http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02303v1

中文摘要：許多任務需要根據當前目標靈活調整感知和行為。人類能夠檢索從幾天到幾年前的情景記憶，並利用這些記憶在新穎但結構相關的情境中進行行為的情境化和泛化。大腦根據任務需求控制情景記憶的能力通常歸因於前額葉皮層（PFC）和海馬體（HPC）之間的相互作用。我們提出了一種強化學習模型，該模型結合了PFC-HPC相互作用機制，用於目標導向的泛化。在我們的模型中，PFC學習生成查詢-鍵表示，以編碼和檢索與目標相關的情景記憶，並根據當前任務需求自上而下地調節HPC記憶。此外，當面對以塊狀而非交錯方式呈現的多個目標時，PFC會動態調整其編碼和檢索策略。我們的結果表明：（1）將工作記憶與選擇性檢索的情景記憶相結合，可以在相似環境或情境之間傳遞決策；（2）與自下而上的感官驅動方法相比，PFC對HPC的自上而下控制提高了對事件之間任意結構關聯的學習，從而能夠泛化到新環境；（3）PFC在編碼和檢索與目標相關的記憶時都編碼了可泛化的表示，而HPC則表現出事件特定的表示。這些發現共同強調了目標導向的前額葉控制對海馬情景記憶在新情境中決策的重要性，並提出了一種計算機制，通過該機制，PFC-HPC相互作用實現了靈活的行為。

取自「http://zh.wikiedge.org/index.php?title=WikiEdge:ArXiv速递/2025-03-04&oldid=2773」